1G, 2G, 3G, 4G Welding Positions Explained (And Which AWS D1.1 Test Ma

If you're preparing for your AWS D1.1 welder certification, understanding welding positions is critical.

Most welders know the numbers — 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G — but many aren’t completely clear on:

What each position actually involves
How they affect your qualification range
Which combination most employers expect

Let’s break it down clearly and practically.

What Does the “G” Mean?

The “G” stands for Groove weld — which is what AWS D1.1 welder qualification tests are based on for structural steel.

Each number refers to the position of the plate and the weld during testing.

1G – Flat Position

Plate is horizontal
Weld is performed from above
Gravity helps you

This is the most controlled and easiest position.

When it's used:

Entry-level testing
Basic qualification programs
Certain shop-only roles

Passing 1G only qualifies you for flat groove welding.

2G – Horizontal Position

Plate is vertical
Weld is horizontal
Gravity pulls the puddle downward

This requires more control than flat welding.

Passing 2G qualifies you for horizontal groove welding.

3G – Vertical Position

Plate is vertical
Weld is vertical (typically uphill for structural work)

This is where skill starts to separate welders.

Vertical welding requires:

Heat control
Proper weave technique
Good puddle discipline

Many structural employers require 3G qualification.

4G – Overhead Position

Plate is horizontal
Weld is performed from underneath

This is the most physically demanding position.

You are:

Fighting gravity
Managing molten metal overhead
Controlling penetration without excessive buildup

Overhead qualification proves strong puddle control.

Which Positions Do Most Employers Require?

For AWS D1.1 structural work, the most common requirement is:

3G + 4G (Vertical + Overhead)

Why?

Because qualifying in both demonstrates the ability to weld in the most demanding conditions.

Flat and horizontal positions are typically considered less restrictive.

If you're unsure, ask:

“Which positions are required for qualification under AWS D1.1?”

Match your test to that requirement.

Important: Position Qualification Is Specific

Passing 1G does not qualify you for 3G.
Passing 2G does not qualify you for 4G.

Each position is tested and documented.

Your WQR will reflect exactly what you passed.

Quick Decision Guide

Choose 1G/2G only if:

The requirement specifically calls for those positions
You are qualifying within a structured school program

Choose 3G + 4G if:

You are qualifying for structural field work
You want broader acceptance
An employer expects full positional capability

When in doubt, vertical + overhead is the safer long-term move.

Final Thought

If you're investing time and money into an AWS D1.1 welder certification test, make sure your position selection matches the real-world expectation.

Testing in the wrong position means retesting later.

Match the requirement. Pass once. Move on.